The History And How Of Computers - 915 Words

The History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as â€Å"$temp = password_hash($object-password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);†. The binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share new knowledge. The unsung founders of the age of information are programmers that created the links between peers that we now call the World Wide Web. In the past 200 years, a computer has gone from reading punch cards to running simulations on how the universe was created. In the beginning, there was Jacquard. Joseph-Marie Jacquard was an inventor in France between the 18th and 19th centuries. His most famous work was the Jacquard loom, which read a punch card in order to weave a ch osen design into cloth. In 1822, Charles Babbage had the idea of a device powered by steam to calculate tables of numbers, although the idea was to be funded by the English government, it never came to be (The Engines). Decades later, in 1890, Herman Hollerith revamped the punch card system in order to calculate the census. Hollerith’s company became what we know as IBM who later paved the way for data storage by floppy discs and hard drives (â€Å"IBM is Founded†). The beginnings of the modern computerShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Recoding Gender : Women s Changing Participation881 Words   |  4 Pagesperception of what many uninformed people may believe, throughout history, women have always contributed greatly to the growth of our society through technology. Regrettably, the success of women has generally only been attributed and recognized through the more stereotypical and traditional roles, such as being a teacher or a nurse. Often underappreciated is the role of women and their significant contribution to the sciences, especially computer sciences. In the book Recoding Gender: Women’s Changing ParticipationRead MoreComputer Fraud And Abuse Act ( Cfaa ) And Cyberbullying Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 15, 2016 INCOMPATIBLE: The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and Cyberbullying I. Introduction The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) does not cover cyberbullying done via social networking websites and should not be used to prosecute it. Application of the CFAA to cyberbullying prosecutions is inconsistent with the intended scope of the statute and the existing interpretations of its provisions. Practically speaking, nothing in the history of the CFAA suggests that Congress envisionedRead MoreHow Personal Computers Affect Student s Learning Processes Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAs we moved into the turn of the century, technology like personal computers and tablets have become more accessible and inexpensive. The aim of this research is to inform the public and education institutions on how personal computers affect student’s learning processes in the classroom. Most universities require the access to computers in order to perform task and write assignments. This has manifested in having more computers in a classroom used by the lecturers and students. The mass ive evolutionRead MoreDesktop Operating Systems : Annotated Bibliography1069 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidering the history of operating systems, you must first understand what an operating system is. An operating system is the software that manages a computer’s hardware, resources and provides common services. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer. The operating system tells the computer what to do by controlling system resources, such as, the processor, memory and disk space. The operating system allows the user to work and interact on a computer withoutRead MoreComputers in the 1950s1478 Words   |  6 PagesComputers in the 1950 s People have been in awe of computers since they were first invented. At first scientist said that computers would only be for government usage only. Then when the scientists saw the potential computers had, scientist then predicted that by 1990 computers may one day invade the home of just about ever citizen in the world (History Internet), the scientists were slightly wrong, because by 1990 computers were just beginning to catch on. Then a few years later when scientistsRead MoreComputer Engineering : A Computer1340 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Computer Engineering INTRODUCTION Looking through the various topics of which to write a paper on, I came across computer engineering. For as long as I can remember I have had a fascination with computers. When I was seven years old, I came across a cube shaped object at my grandparent’s house. The object was called a computer, specifically an Apple Emac. My grandpa told me about all the interesting things this computer could preform. From then on, I was fixated on using the computer. EveryRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Technology 1430 Words   |  6 PagesComputers are a magnificent feat of technology. They have grown from simple calculators to machines with many functions and abilities. Computers have become so common that almost every home has at least one computer, and schools find them a good source for information and education for their students (Hafner, Katie, unknown). Computers have created new careers and eliminated others and have left a huge impact on our society. The invention of the comput er has greatly affected the arts, the businessRead More1. Describe What You Did. This Does Not Mean That You Copy1272 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe what you did and how you did it. For the last three days, I’ve devoted 5 hours, or more, per day to studying Chapter 1 in the python book, and studying the other reading material located in the Learning Guide section of CS 1101 week 1. Then, after taking the self-quiz, I recognized what to study in order to pass the test better; I should study all the learning material pertaining to python, and I should study all the material pertaining to the history of computer programming languages. SoRead MoreWhy Did Ibm Decide? Develop The Model 5150?1320 Words   |  6 PagesïÆ'Ëœ Why did IBM decide to develop the Model 5150? Was there a strategic purpose for the company to do so? IBM was already a big name in the market of mini, middle range and mainframe computers. The perspective and promising small computer market, greatly gaining ground due to Apple II and other few, was still a difficult task despite their multi-millionaire efforts. IBM decided to develop the model 5150 on the lines of their first PC model 5100, which was pretty unaffordable for large masses. AppleRead MoreHistory of Computers: 3D Printing1079 Words   |  5 Pages Computers are everywhere, they are in homes, they are at schools, and most of people even carry them around on us everyday. But it was not always like this. As strange as this might sound, there was a time when a single computer would take up an entire room and still not be able to do a fraction of what an iphone can do. So how did people get from a computer taking up an entire room just to do basic things, from being able to do about anything on a small device in peoples pockets? Well, the most

Shanghai Girls - Book Review - 2407 Words

SHANGHAI GIRLS, BY LISA SEE BOOK REVIEW I. INTRODUCTION A. Review Lisa See is an American writer and novelist born in 1955 in Paris, and grew up in the Chinatown section of Los Angeles. Her great-grandfather left his village in China to immigrate in Los Angeles at the beginning of the last century. Although she is only 1/8 Chinese, she spent he childhood in the Chinatown of Los Angeles, and her familial background has given her roots in Chinese culture and has had a great impact on her life and work. See is the author of the critically acclaimed international bestseller, Snow Flower and the Secret Fan; Peony in Love; Flower Net (an Edgar Award nominee); The Interior; and Dragon Bones, as well as the critically acclaimed†¦show more content†¦Providing the two heroines with strong and engaging personalities, the novel portrays the life of two young Chinese girls, who because of historical events and family secrets, have to grow up faster than what they had planned. The book delivers emotional themes that are powerful yet familiar, and is written in a compelling manner. Shanghai Girls is a work of historical fiction, and apart from the well-known people, events and settings that figure into the narrative, all names, characters, places and incidents are the products of the author’s imagination. The work is clearly filled with research, yet has a nice balance between history and the story line. Lisa See grew up in L.A’s Chinatown, with her Chinese grandparents living and working there, and she was taught the Chinese traditions throughout her life. A lot of her novels take place in China and/or deal with China. The book being a fiction and according to the author’s familial background, she might approach the topic here as a way for her to carry her family history, people and places with her forever. Many issues are addressed in Shanghai Girls. The main one is the social and political conditions of Chinese people at the time (1930-50’s) living in the United States, and how difficult it was for them, especially for women, to find their place. Another important issue is the importance of the family, more precisely the role each member plays and how they must obey the patriarch. The bookShow MoreRelatedShanghai Girls - Book Review2414 Words   |  10 PagesSHANGHAI GIRLS, BY LISA SEE BOOK REVIEW I. INTRODUCTION A. Review Lisa See is an American writer and novelist born in 1955 in Paris, and grew up in the Chinatown section of Los Angeles. Her great-grandfather left his village in China to immigrate in Los Angeles at the beginning of the last century. Although she is only 1/8 Chinese, she spent he childhood in the Chinatown of Los Angeles, and her familial background has given her roots in Chinese culture and has had a great impact on her lifeRead MoreIdentity and Belonging in Shanghai Girls and Silver like Dust1263 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will depict how Obaachan in Silver like dust and Pearl in Shanghai Girls defines their identity and belonging during their lives’ journeys. There are different factors that shape Obaachan in Kimi Grants’ novel Silver like dust definition of self. Through the novel Obaachan tries to be a good American citizen even though she is not accepted as one. In their article Minority and Self-Esteem Porter and Washington review the theoretical models of self esteem among Asian American subgroup.Read MoreSexism The Stem, By Alexandria Storm Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization Girls Who Code researched that 74% of middle school girls express interest in STEM careers. However, society s portrayal of women in technology and the environment created is not conductive for women to follow through with their jobs. Technology related activities are seen as unfeminine, and tomboy-like for girls to participate in. This in itself is an obstacle to overcome. Some people may deny the stereotypes, but popular culture says otherwise. Why is it that the gamer girl is eitherRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Comparative Study Of Sbi And Icici Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageslocal community and society at large.†(Khan and Saxena, 2014). In simple words, CSR means any extra efforts made by management of an organization for the betterment of the society and stakeholders other than their basic functions. 3. Literature Review: Many studies related to Corporate Social Responsibility has been done, which give very useful literature. Apart from conceptual papers, some studies are also been conducted by gathering primary data. Some of accessible related studies are being reviewedRead More British-Chinese Relations in the Nineteenth Century and Alicia Bewicke Littles Novel, A Marriage in China4897 Words   |  20 Pages This metaphor is repeated throughout the novel, most significantly in the portrayal of the relationship Claude has with the concubine, a relationship which is primarily portrayed as a step backward (as retarding progress). Not only is the Chinese girl beneath him in terms of race and status, but also as he later justifies it to Lilian, the practice of keeping concubines is a long tradition in China. Claude vaguely expresses the hope that the custom will be eradicated, just as the polygamy evidencedRead MoreAn Analysis of English-Chinese Subtitle Translating Strategies: Taking Gossip Girl as an Example4351 Words   |  18 PagesAn Analysis of English-Chinese Subtitle Translating Strategies: Taking Gossip Girl as an Example â…  . Introduction A. An overview of the study Subtitle translation studies began with the development of film industry, high technology and globalization. From a tentative start involving somewhat superficial contributions to audiovisual translation in the late 1950s and the early 1960s, followed by a couple of decades of relative lethargy in the 1970s and 1980s, people have entered a period of vigorousRead MoreEducation in the New Powerhouse Economies: Catching Up or Leading the Way?5758 Words   |  24 Pagesas a country leading the way on the educational landscape. Whereas traditional narratives of Chinese students involved rote learning, memorising and cramming for examinations (OECD 2010b), in reality China appears to cast off this stereotype, with Shanghai a shining â€Å"example of innovation† (OECD 2010b:83) In stark contrast, India’s haphazard approach to higher education reform and their inability to use education to ameliorate social difference leave them lagging behind the west. A Brief HistoryRead MoreThe Not-so-Wonderful World of Eurodisney5487 Words   |  22 PagesMary Poppins, and Aladdin, star of the huge moneymaking movie success. A print ad campaign at that time featured Aladdin, Cinderella’s castle, and a little girl being invited to enjoy a â€Å"magic vacation† at the kingdom where â€Å"all dreams come true.† Six new attractions were added in 1994, including the Temple of Peril, Story book Land, and the Nautilus attraction. Donald Duck’s birthday was celebrated on June 9—all in hopes of positioning EuroDisney as the number 1 European destinationRead MoreFashion Icon Fashion Leader2928 Words   |  12 Pagesdistributed to various types of people, then to collect and count the result of the responses. †¢ To analysis the consequence of all the information of both British fashion area and Chinese fashion area, distinguish the main factor of it. Literature Review International aim is fast becoming one of the most popular entry mode strategies for international retail companies when moving into international markets (Burt, 1993; Quinn and Doherty, 2000; Quinn and Alexander, 2002). Though initially slow toRead Moresocial dimension of education2565 Words   |  11 Pageskitchen GOD’S wife† A BOOK REVIEW (‘A BOOK OF AMY TAN†) Prepared by; Maricel B, Dalingay BEED11-C Prepared for; Mr. Rommel Yahin Instructor 1. The author Amy Tan is an American writer whose works explore mother-daughter relationships and what it means to grow up as a first generation Asian American. In 1993, Tan s adaptation of her most popular fiction work, The Joy Luck Club, became a commercially successful. She has written several other books, including The Kitchen God

The Glass Castle free essay sample

Jeannette Walls’ memoir, The Glass Castle, gives a vivid description of what life is like growing up in a poor family where parental negligence and limited supervision is common. Walls grows up with a high tolerance for hard times and bravery that is unmatched. Her self-sufficiency and education helped Walls escape her difficult childhood and poor family life growing up. Walls’ memoir clearly refutes the statement made in The Great Gatsby by Daisy Buchanan that the best thing a girl can be in this world, [is] a beautiful, little fool† (Fitzgerald 17). In Walls’ eyes, the best thing a girl can be is strong, motivated, and, most importantly, educated. Throughout The Glass Castle, Walls uses anecdotes, figurative language, and a repetition of words that proves her stance is one that plainly contradicts Daisy’s statement about what furthers the life of women. First, Jeannette Walls uses an anecdote in The Glass Castle that displays how education is what allowed her to further herself in society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Castle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the beginning of the novel, Walls tells stories about how her parents, especially her dad, had taught her how to read before grade school and made everything more difficult so that she would be smarter than the rest of the children. She mentioned one time when her dad made her use binary numbers to do her math homework and how her teacher did not approve. When Walls enters high school, she uses an anecdote to prove how it was her education that allowed her to go from proofreader of the school paper to editor-in-chief quicker than anyone else had before. Because Walls had been pushed by her parents to be smarter than the other kids, she was able to join the school paper in the seventh grade. To show just how important that was in furthering herself, Walls writes, â€Å"Miss Bivens told me that as far as she could remember, I was the only seventh-grader who’d ever worked for the Wave,† (Walls 203). Walls continues the story by laying out the years before the eleventh grade when she writes, â€Å"That fall, when I was going into the tenth grade, Miss Bivens made me news editor of The Maroon Wave. After working as a proofreader in the seventh grade, I’d started laying out pages in the eighth grade, and in the ninth grade I began reporting and writing articles and taking photographs† (Walls 231). The story ends with Walls writing, â€Å"When I was a junior, Miss Bivens made me editor in chief, though the job was supposed to go to a senior† (Walls 232). This anecdote told by Walls plainly refutes Daisy’s statement about how the only way for a woman to further herself is by her looks because Walls furthered herself through education. Walls is able to move up the chain of command in the school newspaper by using no more than her talent for writing. Next, Jeannette Walls stance can be proven through her figurative language because her life is an example that contradicts Daisy’s statement. Walls never saw herself as being beautiful and she had what her mom called ‘distinctive looks’. To explain this to the reader, Walls writes, My elbows were like flying wedges and my knees like tea saucers† (Walls 200). This simile portrays her as not being that attractive, but Walls is still able to succeed in life and further herself as a woman. When Miss Katona uses prom as a reason for Jeannette to stay in Welch, she writes, â€Å"As for the senior prom, I had about as much chance of getting a date as Dad did of ending corruptions in the unions (Walls 236). This analogy refutes Daisy’s statement again because it shows that Walls is not very attractive, but she is still able to further herself later in life. Her dad explained that â€Å"she already fought the fire once and won † (Walls 15). This personification of fire brings light upon the fact that Jeannette is brave. Her bravery is another thing that allows her to further herself in life because she is not scared to move away from her parents at only seventeen. Since Walls is able to grow up and acquire a college degree and a steady job, her life contradicts Daisy because Jeannette is neither beautiful nor a fool. Lastly, Walls repeats the word ‘mountain goat’ to emphasize that a woman must have a strong will in order to further herself in life. The word is a nickname given to Jeannette by her father, Rex Walls. The nickname refers to her ability to stay focused in the face of danger because, like a mountain goat, she is able to climb mountains without losing her footing, which takes a strong will in order to accomplish. Jeannette writes, â€Å"I never fell down when we were climbing mountains sure footed as a mountain goat, hed always say† (Walls 36). The word is also used to show bravery in Jeannette and how that trait allows her to get away from Welch. Rex explains to Jeannette that â€Å"All you have to do, Mountain Goat, is show old Demon that you’re not afraid† (Walls 36). This is one of the first uses of the word ‘mountain goat’ in The Glass Castle and it puts emphasis on the idea that Jeannette is not afraid of anything. When Jeannette finally finishes college and asks Rex to come to her graduation, he replies, â€Å"I don’t have to see my Mountain Goat grabbing a sheepskin to know she’d got her college degree† (Walls 267). This reveals that after all the hard work and the bravery Jeannette showed, she was able to further herself farther than anyone else in her family ever could. This nickname that Rex gives Jeannette foreshadows her bravery when she has to live apart from her parents and siblings when she is only seventeen. Jeannette Walls usage of anecdotes, figurative language, and a repetition of the word ‘mountain goat’ can be used to prove that her stance on what the best thing a woman can be clearly refutes that of Daisy’s stance from The Great Gatsby. Walls anecdote about becoming editor-in-chief shows that education can also further a woman in life. The idea that Walls is unattractive also refutes Daisy’s statement because Walls was able to further herself without being considered beautiful. Lastly, she uses a repetition of the word ‘mountain goat’ to emphasize that she believes that one of the best things a woman can be is strong-willed and brave. Although Jeannette Walls had a strong argument for what the best thing a woman could be, the best thing for her might not always be the best thing for everyone.

Wastewater Treatment Essays - Sewerage, Environmental Engineering

Wastewater Treatment The reason for me doing this report is because I could not attend class enough to grasp the concept of Wastewater Treatment. This report is an overview of each stage of the treatment of sewage. I have included a diagram of a typical sewage plant. A) Primary Treatment The wastewater that enters a treatment plant contains debris that might clog or damage the pumps and machinery. The material is removed by screens, and is burned or buried. The wastewater then passes through a comminutor (grinder), where all the organic material such as leaves are mushed smaller so that they can be removed later. 1) Grit Chamber Back in the day, long narrow channel-shaped settling tanks, known as grit chambers, were used to remove all the inorganic substances like sand, silt, gravel, and cinders. These chambers were made to allow inorganic particles 0.008 in. or bigger to settle at the bottom while the smaller particles and most of the organic material that remain in suspension pass through. Today, spiral-flow aerated grit chambers with hopper bottoms, or clarifiers with automatic scrapper arms are used. The grit is removed and disposed of as sanitary landfill. Grit build up can reach from 3 to 8 cubic feet per1 million gallons of wastewater. 2) Sedimentation With the grit removed, the wastewater goes into a sedimentation tank, where the organic materials removed. The method of sedimentation can remove about 20 to 40 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand and 40 to 60 percent of the suspended solids. The big boys in the industry use a chemical process known as coagulation and flocculation in the sedimentation tank. I really don't know much about this subject so I'm going to move on. 3) Flotation The alternative to sedimentation is a treatment called flotation, in which air is forced into the wastewater under pressures of 25 to 50 lbs per sq. in. The wastewater, is compressed with air, is then released into an open tank ; there the rising air bubbles cause the suspended solids to rise to the surface, where the are wisked away. Flotation can remove more than 75 percent of the suspended solids. 4) Digestion Digestion is a microbiological process that changes the chemically complex sludge to methane, carbon dioxide, and a harmless fertilizer. The reactions occur in a closed tank or digestor that is oxygen deficient. The transformation happens after a series of reactions. First the solid matter is made soluble by enzymes, then the substance is fermented by a group of acid-producing bacteria, reducing it to simple organic acids such as acetic acid. The organic acids are then resolved to methane and carbon dioxide by bacteria. The sludge that is to thick is heated and added to the digester as many times as possible, where it sits for 10 to 30 days and is decomposed. Digestion reduces organic matter by 45 to 60 percent. 5) Drying The digested sludge is place on sand beds for air drying. Air drying needs dry, warm weather for it to work. Some plants have shelters over the sand beds. Dried sludge in most cases is used as a fertilizer because of the 2 percent nitrogen and 1 percent phosphorus content. B) Secondary Treatment After removing 40 to 60 percent of the suspended solids and 20 to 40 percent of the BOD5 in the primary stage by physical resources, the secondary treatment biologically reduces the organic material that stayed in the liquid stream. Secondary treatment contains keeping and speeding up nature's process of waste disposal. Aerobic bacteria in the oxygen change the organic matter to stable forms such as CO2 , water, nitrates, and phosphates. The new organic material that is made is an indirect result of biological treatment processes, and is removed before the wastewater is dumped into the streams. 1) Trickling Filter In this process, a waste stream is sent over a bed or column of some type of porous medium. A sticky film of microorganisms coats the medium and acts as the removal agent. The organic matter in the waste stream is absorbed by the film and changed to carbon dioxide and water. If the trickling filter step comes before the sedimentation stage it can remove about 85 percent of the BOD entering the plant. 2) Activated Sludge This stage is an aerobic process that adds sticky sludge particles that have millions of of actively growing bacteria stuck together by a gelatinous slime. Organic matter is assimilated by the floc and changed to aerobic output. The reduction of BOD varies between 60 to

Believers Baptism Essay Example

Believers Baptism Essay Example Believers Baptism Paper Believers Baptism Paper All Christians take part in the sacraments, if this is Baptism or the Eucharist. A sacrament is a special visible sign that puts us into contact with God. When people believe in God, they reach out threw words, gestures and through certain forms of celebration. In our daily lives words are the first form of communication; gestures add to these words, almost illustrating what we try to say. Using our words and gestures, we can show God our love and understanding to him with sacraments. Taking part in baptism, commits us to worship Jesus teachings and God. In order us to worship God; we must reach out to him, as he already reaches out to us through the sacraments. The two most widely accepted sacraments are Baptism and the Eucharist; the majority of Christians recognize seven Sacrament. These are Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Ordination, Marriage, Penance and the Anointing of the sick. Christians celebrate the sacraments because it makes people become more holy; as it shows the people, how to worship God. The sacraments teach, strengthen and express faith in such a way that we humans can communicate our love and gifts to God through the sacraments. Celebrating the sacraments also brings communities together. Everyone in the community is willing to help with each others problems. This is what the Kingdom of God is; the community itself, working together and worshiping God, within the sacraments. Christians also celebrate sacraments as a way to live like Jesus. Jesus didnt need to be baptised. This shows us that the sacraments bring us closer to God, and to internal life in the kingdom of God. This is why Christians celebrate the sacraments, as we are obliged to live like Jesus as much as we can. Baptism is the sacrament which welcomes us into the Christian community and the Kingdom of God by using everyday substances such as water, oil, a white Garment, Candles and the sign of the cross. Water is a symbolism of our daily life and baptism, we use water for drinking, washing, cooking and life, oil is a symbolism of healing and strength used everyday in heating, healing, pollution and wealth, the white garment is a symbol of purity and light seen everyday in clouds, cleansing-ness and surrender, the candle symbolises light and new life found in fire and guidance, the sign of the cross symbolises the start and end of a prayer and Jesus, this is like the start and end of our lives, in baptism and in death. In the time of Jesus, baptism was taken by adults. As Jesus was baptised as an adult, we should do as much as we can to live in the same way as Jesus. This is what happens in the case in Believers Baptism. They believe that children and infants are not ready to join the Christian community and that they should learn everything about the life and death of Jesus and the scriptures. They also believe that people should be fully sub-merged and the trinity is present, as the gift of the spirit, which belong to the community; but the mortality rate of children and infants were low as there were no effective vaccines for diseases. Eventually mothers wanted their children to be baptised as soon as possible, as infants, because if their children died, they were scared that when they went to heaven their children wouldnt be there with them. This is why Infant baptism is widely popular in the Christian faith. Infant baptism believes that the child and their family should be welcomed at the door; this is a sign of welcoming into the community and their commitment to Gods work in their life. Then both parents and godparents accept their responsibility on the childs mental and spiritual wellbeing. In the ceremony two crosses are made on the childs forehead, one of the oil of catechumen, giving the child strength to cope with difficult times and the oil of chrism, a mixture of olive oil and a perfume of Balsam which signifies the beauty and dignity of a child. Then water is poured over the childs head, showing the washing away of original sin (Belief in the Catholic Church), and rebirth of the childs faith. After this, a candle is lit from the Baptismal candle, this light symbolises the light of Christs teachings, and to help the child to be guided in the Dark times of their life. Finally the sign of the cross is used to signify the presence and belief of the trinity, also to signify that the child is marked by the ultimate Christian symbol. In Marks gospel Jesus was baptised by John the Baptist in the river Jordan. As soon as Jesus came out of the water, he saw heaven opening and the spirit coming down on him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven, you are my own dear Son. I am pleased with you. (Mark1: 10-11). John the Baptist baptised Jesus with water, but Jesus will baptize us with the Holy Spirit. This shows us that When Jesus got baptised, heaven opened and the spirit came down on him like a dove; a voice from heaven said, Youre my own dear son. I am pleased with you. This marked a significant period in his life. This shows us that through word of mouth, there was not much known about Jesus life. John the Baptist knew that Jesus was so great that he was not good enough even to bend down and untie Jesus sandals; This is sceptical as how did John the Baptist know this? It could either be that John the Baptist has heard of Jesus before, and believes that he is the son of God or John the Baptist is the prophet Isaiah and was sent down by God to help Jesus become aware that he is the Messiah. This period followed 40 days and 40 nights in the desert as Jesus was tempted by the Devil. This baptism is unique in the sense that it had certain characteristics that had not been part of the normal ritual of cleansing in 30AD. When Jesus was submerged into the water the entire trinity was present and Gods voice marked not only the approval of what Jesus was doing at the time but also of what is meant for his future, a new understanding and teaching of Gods unconditional love. Jesus baptism was the beginning of his mission on earth carried on by millions daily of Gods work. Jesus baptism marked a significant moment in his life. He showed he approved of Johns baptism, when he allowed John to baptise him in the Jordan. However his baptism was unique, it had certain characteristics that had not been part of the ritual of cleansing. When Jesus was submerged in the water, the entire trinity was present and Gods voice marked not only the approval of what Jesus was doing at the time but also of what it meant for his future, a new life of teaching Gods love. Jesus in his own way was making a personal commitment to God and anticipated that the community gathered at the Jordan and further a field would Listen to Him. Surely you know that you are Gods temple and that Gods Spirit lives in you! So if anyone destroys God temple, God will destroy him. For Gods temple is holy, and you yourselves are his temple. This text, wrote by St. Paul to one of the first groups of Christians, explains that all people should get baptised as we are a body which can hold the Holy Spirit. It is our holy spirit which is a powerful force, i nside us when we get baptised from God which is our strength, our character and courage. It is given to us in two occasions, baptism and confirmation. We then become a full member of the kingdom of God. Baptism is the beginning of a new life and a washing of original sins. In the time of Jesus baptism was a sacrament, which took place in large areas of water like rivers, lakes and seas where Adults where baptised, fully submerged into the water, this is called total submersion, which was only done to adults, because children where known to be too young, but afterwards, centurys ahead infant baptism was introduced as their was a high fatality rate and parents where sacred that their child wouldnt join them in heaven. Baptism is a new birth into a new birth into greater life, the life of God himself. In baptism we become brothers and sisters of Jesus and with him children of God, sharing the life of the blessed trinity. The sacrament of baptism is a celebration of Gods gifts of new life, through which we become members of the family of God. Being christened at baptism involves a call to spend our lives trying to become like Christ; a true follower of his. The sacrament is an assurance that God, who saves us, also gives us his spirit to dwell within us and to teach us how to live. The sacrament itself signifies the bringing of the child/member into the light of faith of the church, they become receivers of grace. Christians belong to each other, as a faith community and belong to God. Baptism signifies our discipleship; becoming like Christ, following in his footsteps. Christian membership of the church means Christians are gods stewards in the world, and have to act on his behalf. Every Christian is called by God. Every Christian is given a vocation to use their life and talents as a member of Gods family. When Jesus told the parable of the talents, he explained that all our actions and how we use our talents will be judged upon in judgement day. This shows us that Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic Church have a choice of three ways in which to carry out the vocation they have received in baptism and confirmation. They can carry out their responsibilities as a single or married lay person; they can choose to join a religious order or congregation, even some men may be called to be a deacon, priest or bishop. Baptism affects our life in many ways, these can be from our behaviour in life to our lifestyles, even the decisions we believe is our own. Baptism is a kind of assurance that God, who saves us, also gives us his spirit to dwell in us, teach us and guide us how to live. Believers in Christ, as full members after adult baptism or after receiving the three sacraments of initiation into the Roman Catholic Church, face decisions about life, behaviour, beliefs, values, morals and face choices on their vocation. Christians who belong into the Roman Catholic tradition have a choice of three ways in which to carry out the vocation they received in both baptism and confirmation; as a single or married lay person, a part of a religious order or to be called as a deacon, priest or bishop. Christians, who belong to the Baptist church, can alternatively become ministers, preachers or lay people. Christians can fulfil their chosen vocation by dedicating their life for God, in teaching and preaching the gospel, being leaders in the church, guiding and supporting people. Lay people apply Christs teachings to the problems of the world. They promote world equality and world peace. This is done mostly through charities like Trocaire, Christian aid and St. Vincent de Paul. These are charities in which everyone can help. These charities are usually set up by someone who feels the need to help the worlds poverty, chastity and obedience. Examples of such people are Martin Luther King, Bob Geldof and Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa, also known as St. Thi ri se of Lisieux; is an example of a contemplative nun who prayed specially for the needs of the church and is now the patron saint of the missions. She was concentrated to God at her profession. At firs, the vows are made for a limited time, like one year; then the final profession is made, to be used forever. Anyone who wishes to be baptised are baptised in their local church; it is a widely celebrated sacrament often celebrated by the community, family and friends of the family. The sacrament of baptism is usually taken as soon as possible at 3 months. The sacrament of baptism starts at the front door; the priest welcomes the candidate at the front door, such as God is welcoming the candidate into the kingdom of God. Then the parents and godparents walk up onto to the alter, the priest then gives the baptismal promises to the godparents or the candidate, who then says I do to accept the promises. These are taken on behalf of the child, to take the responsibility of teaching the Christian faith until the child is confirmed, a full member of the church. The candidate is then given a name, recognised by Christian church, as Jesus said No man should be given a mission, without being asked by their name. The candidate is then given the sign of the cross, a sign that the child belongs to God and Jesus suffered life to save the child, in the oil of Catechumen, a oil used for healing of the body, which helps the candidate to cope with difficult times on their journey of faith; after in which a sign of the cross in applied in the oil of chrism, this oil is used to anoint kings and priests, it is used in baptism to anoint the candidate for a special journey, and that the child is Unique in the eyes of God. The candidate is then brought to the font; in the font is water, a sign of life, cleansing and purity. At the font the baby is dressed in a white garment; while the godparents holds the priest then lights a candle from the light of the pastoral candle, which is given to the parents as a light of Christ, and that Christ will now guide the child to Christian life and to be a light to the world and live like Jesus does, to guide others to the light and the kingdom of God. As the priest then sprinkles holy water from the font, onto the Childs forehead three times, a sign of life, cleansing and purity, while saying I baptise you in the name of the father, the son and the holy spirit. At the end of the sacrament of baptism, the priest goes to the alter and says the rite of baptism to the candidate. The rite of baptism includes a point towards confirmation and first communion, the other sacraments that complete the annotation into the Christian community and the Kingdom of God. The sacrament of Baptism brings out the great respect which is due to human life. Christians may agree about the sanctity of human life when they are present at a joyful occasion like a baptism or confirmation. However, once they have accepted that human life is a holy thing, they have to face great practical problems about preventing new life by conception or abortion, a contrasting point. But it is important to remember that we are subjects of God, and should live as gods wants us and how Jesus showed us to. The quote baptising babies is pointless, is tying to argument that babies are not intellectual enough to become a full member of the kingdom of God, as they do not possess the knowledge of what religion is or the meaning of their church, but I do not agree that baptising babies is pointless. When a baby is introduced into the Kingdom of God, it immediately receives the spirit which will help and guide it to live like Jesus, which is an example of how God wants us all to live. This is what Jesus did for the three years when he was in ministry. Jesus strained to us using the means of teaching that was most common of stories or parables. As Jesus said: To you, the kingdom of god has been given; they may look and look, but see nothing; they may here and hear, but not understand anything; otherwise they might turn to God and be forgiven. (Mark4: 11-12) This shows us that when you are baptised, when you look for the kingdom of God, you can see it and when you hear the message, you understand, but if you dont get baptised into the Kingdom of God you wont see when you look or understand when you hear the kingdom of God; so to be baptised is the key to the Kingdom of God. As infants do not possess the intelligence to understand or to see, the godparents do this for them. The godparents act as the infants eyes and ears, showing the child the parables in a way that they understand. These infants then grow up with these understandings and stories, knowing the difference of right and wrong from a very young age. When adults are baptised they do know what the kingdom of God is, they know what is expected of them and how to spread the word. This is because they where not taught how to live their life as Christians. They are only taught by the gospel and parables, not through understanding of the Kingdom of God. But Jesus was also baptised by John the Baptist, so to live in the footsteps of Jesus almost, expects us to get baptised as adults, but it could also be said that Jesus was baptised at the start of his ministry, this shows that the start of Jesus ministry was like the start of his life. Jesus set an example to get baptised, so does that mean we should get baptised at the start of our life, and to make our life our ministry? I do not believe that Baptising babies is pointless, I believe that we should be baptised at the start, of everything; our lives, our ministry and our commitment to God. I understand that we should commit to our life with help from our parents, grand-parents and God-parents. We should get baptised at as soon as we can, and are willing to accept the mission God calls us upon. We should live our lives as long as we can in the Kingdom of God to serve our father; even if we dont know we are doing at first, but the teaching of Christ will come to us as first nature if we are taught throughout our lives.

New Fingerprint Detection Technology Developed

New Fingerprint Detection Technology Developed In an era of advanced DNA technology, fingerprint evidence may be considered old school forensics, but its not as outdated as some criminals may think. Advanced fingerprinting technology now makes developing, collecting, and identifying fingerprint evidence easier and quicker. In some cases, even trying to wipe fingerprints clean from a crime scene may not work. Not only has the technology for collecting fingerprint evidence improved, but the technology used to match fingerprints to those in the existing database has been significantly improved. Advance Fingerprint Identification Technology In 2011, the FBI launched its Advance Fingerprint Identification Technology (AFIT) system which enhanced fingerprint and latent print processing services. The system increased the accuracy and daily processing capacity of the agency and also improved the systems availability. The AFIT system implemented a new fingerprint matching algorithm which increased the accuracy of fingerprint matching from 92% to more than 99.6%, according to the FBI. During the first five days of operation, AFIT matched more than 900 fingerprints that were not matched using the old system. With AFIT on board, the agency has been able to reduce the number of required manual fingerprint reviews by 90%. Prints From Metal Objects In 2008, scientists at the University of Leicester in Great Britain developed a technique that will enhance fingerprints on metal objects from small shell casings to large machine guns. They found that chemical deposits that form fingerprints have electrical insulating characteristics, which can block electric current even if the fingerprint material is very thin, only nanometers thick. By using electric currents to deposit a colored electro-active film which shows up in the bare regions between the fingerprint deposits, researchers can create a negative image of the print in what is known as an  electrochromic image. According to the Leicester forensic scientists, this method is so sensitive it can even detect fingerprints from metal objects even if they have been wiped off or even washed off with soapy water. Color-Changing Florescent Film Since 2008, Professor Robert Hillman and his Leicester associates have further enhanced their process by adding fluorophore molecules to the film which is sensitive to light and ultra-violet rays. Basically, the fluorescent film gives scientist and extra tool in developing contrasting colors of latent fingerprints - electrochromic and fluorescence. The fluorescent film provides a third color that can be adjusted to develop a high-contrast fingerprint image. Micro-X-Ray Florescence The development of the Leicester process followed a 2005 discovery by University of California scientists working at Los Alamos National Laboratory using micro-X-ray fluorescence, or MXRF, to develop fingerprint imaging. MXRF detects the sodium, potassium and chlorine elements present in salts, as well as many other elements  if they are present in the fingerprints. The elements are detected as a function of their location on a surface, making it possible to see a fingerprint where the salts have been deposited in the patterns of fingerprints, the lines called friction ridges by forensic scientists. MXRF actually detects the sodium, potassium and chlorine elements present in those salts, as well as many other elements, if they are present in the fingerprints. The elements are detected as a function of their location on a surface, making it possible to see a fingerprint where the salts have been deposited in the patterns of fingerprints, the lines called friction ridges by forensic scientists. Noninvasive Procedure The technique has several advantages over traditional fingerprint detection methods that involve treating the suspect area with powders, liquids, or vapors in order to add color to the fingerprint so that it can be easily seen and photographed. Using traditional fingerprint contrast enhancement, it is sometimes difficult to detect fingerprints present on certain substances, such as multicolored backgrounds, fibrous papers and textiles, wood, leather, plastic, adhesives and human skin. The MXRF technique eliminates that problem and is noninvasive, meaning a fingerprint analyzed by the method is left pristine for examination by other methods like DNA extraction. Los Alamos scientist Christopher Worley said MXRF is not a panacea for detecting all fingerprints  since some fingerprints will not contain enough detectable elements to be seen. However, it is envisioned as a viable companion to the use of traditional contrast enhancement techniques at crime scenes, since it does not require any chemical treatment steps, which are not only time consuming  but can permanently alter the evidence. Forensic Science Advances While many advances have been made in the field of forensic DNA evidence, science continues to make progress in the field of fingerprinting development and collection, making it increasing more probably that should a criminal leave  behind any evidence at all at the crime scene, he will be identified. New fingerprint technology has increased the likelihood of investigators developing evidence that will withstand challenges in court.

Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Prison life is not an easy life, prisons are basically made to correct human behavior, but the current conditions of US prisons is very bad and instead of correcting human behavior, prison life further ruins prisoner’s behavior. In US prisons individuals experience loss of freedom of life, they are restricted in jails that are even smaller than the bathroom size of an individuals house. Prisoners are dictated terms according to which they have to live, these terms are not only dictated by the law enforcing agencies or the law enforcing agents, these terms are even dictated by the inmate. If prisoners fail to comply with the guidelines of the inmates who are more powerful, then prisoners have to face various consequences such as sexual harassment and assault. In equal distribution of resources is even a part and parcel of prison life, those prisoners who are not strong enough in muscle power or who do not have enough friends within the prison, they are restricted from getting a ccess to resources that are of high quality and are restricted to use resources that are of meager quality. Security is huge risks within US prison, certain times those people are sentenced who have never committed a crime or who have committed a crime that is quite not serious in nature; these individuals are those who are not connected to the criminal world. These people are treated very badly by the inmates and several times they face beating and bullying at the hands of stronger inmates. War on Drugs War on Drugs is a movement that the United States have pursued since 1914 till today in order to decrease the amount of illegal drug within and outside the nation, they are pursuing this campaign with the aid of the US military forces and other nations who have joined hands with the US for this cause. The main purpose of the initiative is to counter manufacture, supply and usage of illegal drugs that are psychoactive in nature, to achieve this purpose the US has created various poli cies. During President Nixon’s tenure this fight against drugs was recognized as War against Drug Abuse and during His trip to Texas he used the term War on Drug to refer to this initiative under taken by the US. During the period of 2009the director of the organization of

I totally understand where your coming from and this is why Personal Statement

I totally understand where your coming from and this is why - Personal Statement Example Thus, the red menace acted like a buffer in keeping the arms race going on and in keeping the business of the two Super Powers from running out. It is as if the two countries had a great degree of understanding in planning and executing the way the Cold War progressed. Indeed, it looks like a game played skillfully with an ulterior business motive. As Eric Berne observes in his book Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships, â€Å"War is the grimmest of all games† (50). It is interesting to think what the history of the last half of the twentieth century would have been like, had Roosevelt been alive a little longer. Perhaps Hiroshima would not have been destroyed. Perhaps the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan would not have been necessary. But these are idle thoughts, not of any consequence. It is hard to buy the notion that the US disinterestedly spent billions for the ‘reconstruction of Europe’. It can only be as true as philanthropy is for h elping the poor. It was politically and commercially motivated and the red menace provided a pretext for the maneuvers. The projected pretext ultimately melts down to a joke with Russia joining the NATO in 1992. Today it matters little whether the red menace was notional or real. What is important is whether its contribution to the world was good or bad.

Executive Summary Essay Example for Free

Executive Summary Essay Patient education is crucial to improve quality of patient care, increase healthy behaviors and improve health status. Nursing and patient interaction plays a very important role, and part of a nurses’ job is to educate the patient (Ferguson et al., 2013). Educational programs such as nursing groups would be of great benefit to implement at Aurora Behavioral Health facility. The following content will provide the purpose, target audience, benefits and more details on why implementing this programming will benefit this facility and improve quality of care. Purpose of Programming The main purpose of this programming is to improve patient health and slow down disease deterioration. This also gives the patients a chance to express some of their worries or concerns regarding the treatment or medication they are getting. This type of population already has a challenging time understanding their own condition and or state of mind, not all of them but most of them since they are mentally challenges due to their psychotic disorder. This programming also serves the purpose of nurses developing a therapeutic relationship with their patients, often times nurses will be able to pick up if there is a change in behavior, which can become a very important hint when related to a patient that is severely depressed. Overall increased customer satisfaction is the end goal. Target Audience The target audiences are psychotic, depressed, and detoxing patients. With psychotic patients that are on multiple psychotropic medications it is important to constantly be educating on the side effects of the medication such as lithium and the importance of hydration. Behavioral health technicians would also benefit from this as well as they themselves can  encourage patients to abide by these helpful hints reducing complications that can occur. Benefits of Programming An educated patient can participate in improvement of their own treatment helping improve outcomes or being capable of identifying errors before they occur ending in a shorter length of stay and a speedy recovery (Hà ¤tà ¶nen et al., 2010). For example a patient who has a good knowledge and understands what medications they are on and the times they are taken, will be able to catch a medication error perhaps by recognizing the pill itself and might realize and say â€Å" I take that medication at night, not in the morning† unfortunately we are humans and make mistakes. Individuals with poor mental health conditions often feel inferior, this nursing program will help them build more confidence and also allow one on one time with their nurse resulting in therapeutic relationship. Nurses will also have the benefit of becoming more familiar with his or her patients and recognize any changes in attitude or behavior. Cost, Budget Justification . The only cost in this programming would be the time put into by the nurses. There has to be adequate staffing so the nurse is able to take the time to accomplish this daily task. There are only a few requirements perhaps having the nurse with the lower patient acuity do the nursing group. The cost would be minimal such as providing the patient with printed material for them to read as some of them learn better by reading. Evaluation Basis A nursing group would consist of thirty minutes to an hour dedicated to educate patients to touch base on important topics. Some important topics consist of safety, medications and its side effects, warning signs of complications or basic topics such as hydration and nutrition. The nursing group will be done once a day preferably during the daytime shift when patients are alert and awake. There are two nurses per unit which consists of 20 beds, one nurse can do nursing group while the other remains at the nurses station attending to the rest of the patients that decided not to attend or couldn’t for various reasons. The nursing supervisor is  responsible to making a file with numerous health related topics that would be targeted to this type of population. If there is a chaotic busy day with more important priorities to where nurses don’t have the time to teach nursing group, it can be cancelled and held until the next day. Conclusion Patient education needs continuing emphasis in the healthcare systems and educational programs such as nursing group. This is crucial to patients in the experience of their illness and in the community. According to a study patients perceive structured and systematically conducted patient education programs very useful (Koivunen, et al., 2012). Informed patients can lessen changes of malpractice claims and improve and increase overall patient satisfaction. This is a low cost effective program that will help achieve and meet patient satisfaction as it improves quality of patient care. . References Ferguson, Linda, M., Heather Ward, Sharon Card, Suzanne Sheppard, and Jane McMurtry. 2013. Putting the patient back into patient-centred care: An education perspective. Nurse Education In Practice 13, no. 4: 283-287. CINAHL Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 29, 2014) Hà ¤tà ¶nen, H., Suhonen, R., Warro, H., Pitkà ¤nen, A., Và ¤limà ¤ki, M. (2010). Patients perceptions of patient education on psychiatric inpatient wards: a qualitative study. Journal Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 17(4), 335-341. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01530.x Koivunen, M. M., Huhtasalo, J. J., Makkonen, P. P., VÄLimÄKi, M. M., HÄTÃâ€"Nen, H. H. (2012). Nurses roles in systematic patient education sessions in psychiatric nursing. Journal Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 19(6), 546-554. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01833.x

House Voices Essay -- Ghosts Descriptive Essays Personal Narrative

House Voices I will start with my new house. It is down the street from where my grandma and great aunt live. The house has two levels, the main floor and the basement. There are two bedrooms, the office, the bathroom, the living room with a fireplace, dinning room, and the kitchen on the main level. The basement contains the laundry room, the family room, a bathroom, and a large storage area. The house was for sale because the old woman who lived in it before us had died in the summer heat while her air conditioner was broken. Her neighbors found her in her house. It was later discovered that she had been dead for a few days. She was lying on the floor, in the only hallway in the house, just beyond the bathroom door. I have always wanted a bedroom in the basement, but there have been no basement bedrooms in any of the houses we have lived in. So I improvised by cutting the long storage room in half with a big blanket hanging from the central I-beam, making my own basement-bedroom with a pre-existing bathroom just three feet from my bedroom door. The only drawback is that the blanket-wall separates my bedroom from the storage room that is filled with boxes upon boxes of the "stuff" we just don't have enough time or space for. One of my presents for Christmas a few years ago was a brand new Talk Boy Jr. The Talk Boy Jr. is a small, palm-sized recording device that records one message at a time and will play the message when you press a button. Basically it is a small version of the Talk Boy, which uses a tape. As I got older, I stopped playing with it. One time, when my sister was on vacation from college, she recorded a small saying she often used, along with her distinct laugh, which was, "You're suck a dork, te he h... ...d walking, and a moment later, BOOM! The three pound glass baking dish exploded, shooting shards of sharp glass in every direction possible. Every direction possible, that is, with the exception of the location where Darren was standing. We have never stopped picking up shards of glass from small corners in the kitchen, but not a single sliver of glass touched him, even though he was standing right in front of the oven. He never thought the voice he heard to be anything less than a gesture of kindness. Many people believe in this ghost stuff, but many do not. I believe in ghosts, and not only because of my personal experience. So, is this all fact, or fiction to you? If you want to make up your own mind about my situation, ask me to play the tape for you. If just for fun, I at least have something new to say to my friends when starting a conversation, "Hey Pal."

Feminism in Post-war United States

The construction of a just and humane society, just like other social and institutional facts is a long and tedious process, nevertheless, the task needs to be done. Within the United States, the construction of such a society stands as a result of the various historical changes within the country, an example of which can be seen in the changes within the country after its participation in the Second World War. The country’s participation in Second World War proved to be beneficial for its citizens on certain aspects as it enabled what Reinhold Niebuhr would state as the emergence of the ‘children of light’.In line with Niehbur’s argument in his book The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, the ‘children of light’ emerged within the post-World War II United States as the conditions within the country enabled the development of a society which opted for unity within the conditions of freedom and order (20-21). An example of this is ev ident in the development of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States. The feminist movement in the United States stands as a result of the nationalist and cultural movements in post-World War II United States.Feminist movements within the United States during this period took the form of either socialist feminism, radical feminism, or liberal feminism. Each of these strands of feminism focuses on issues pertaining to women’s exclusion from the political sphere; they differ however in their view as to what enables such an exclusion. Socialist feminists argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the moral order of social organizations.Radical feminists, on the other hand, argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the prevalent sex or gender system in society. Finally, liberal feminists argue that such an exclusion stands as a result of the inequality amongst the sexes. Despite the differences of these three strands of feminism mentioned above, t he development of these three strands shows the manner in which post-World War II United States opted for the development of equality between the sexes through the ascription not only of rationality but also agency upon women.Amongst the strands of feminism mentioned above, it is the initial strand [radical feminism] which proved to be significant for the development of the feminist movement during the initial period of post-World War II America as it highlighted the development of the second wave of feminism in the United States. Betty Friedan (1968), in her book The Feminine Mystique, specifies the difference between the first and second wave of feminism.She argues that as opposed to the first wave of feminism which was characterized by the creation of the ‘feminine mystique’ which enabled the discovery of women’s selves within the context of their initial roles in their careers, families, and relationships; the second wave of feminism was characterized by the deconstruction of the ‘feminine mystique’ as a result of women’s recognition of the continuously oppressive character of their initial ‘freed’ position in society (33-34). Since the second wave was influenced by the civil-rights protests and peace protests, it became more activist in character.An example of this activist character of the second wave of feminism is apparent in Kate Millet’s radical strand of feminism in her book Sexual Politics. Kate Millet (2000), in her book Sexual Politics, discusses one of the main issues of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States. Within her book, Millet argues that inequality between the sexes stands as a result of the unequal distribution of power amongst the sexes in society. She argues that women’s subordination stands as a result of the ideological indoctrination of women by a patriarchal society.She states that the â€Å"essence of politics† as power involves seeking to prove that â€Å"however muted its present appearance may be, sexual dominion obtains nevertheless as perhaps the most pervasive ideology of our culture and provides its most fundamental concepts of power† (Millet 25). The title of her book Sexual Politics thereby aims to present her view of how women’s subordination stands as a result of the continuation of patriarchal politics within both the private and public spheres of life.Millet divides her book into three parts. The first part entitled â€Å"Sexual Politics† presents Millet’s thesis regarding the nature of power relations between the sexes. The second part entitled â€Å"Historical Background† presents a survey of the feminist struggle within the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finally, the third part entitled â€Å"The Literary Reflection† presents Millet’s views as to how the power relations between the sexes are visible in the literary works of D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet. Millet’s argument that the content of literary works mirrors the power relations between the sexes is based on the assumption that literature has a mimetic character. In other words, for Millet the content of literary works mirror reality and hence the content of literary works may be used as a means of gauging how women have been continuously subordinated by men through their indoctrination of a patriarchal ideology.Within this context, the importance of Millet’s aforementioned book may thereby be ascribed to its existence as a socio-historical text which takes literature as a source material for a hypothesis about the relationships between men and women in the non-literary world from the late nineteenth century to the present time. In addition to this, Millet’s book stands as the first text which uses a feminist approach in reading or interpreting literary works.In line with Niehbur’s claim re garding the emergence of the ‘children of light’, one may note that the development of the feminist movement in post-World War II United States showed an example of the emergence of the ‘children of light’ since the movement enabled the development of a United States which opted for the equality between the sexes thereby creating a free and orderly society through the emergence of works that not only subverted the predominant ideology in society during that period but also created a new perspective in understanding reality.In the case of Kate Millet’s Sexual Politics, this is evident in her creation of a feminist standpoint for assessing literary works.

Japanese Management System Essay

  Management Styles Corporation management is necessary for an institution to survive during times of change as it is the role of management to provide a plan of action, leadership and delegation of authority. Management structure ensures growth will be maintained for the organization and that the corporation will continue to function. Multiple styles of management are determined by who has the responsibility for the delegation of responsibility for decision-making as well as the degree of participation in the decision-making processes across the company. In general, management systems appear to be impacted upon by the aims of the corporation, the magnitude of the organization and the cultural context the organization operates within (Kim, pp. 538-39). Optimal management style is essential to a corporation as the style used will determine how the institutions processes are organized, as well as how efficiently employees will work cooperatively or in competition with each other. Work experiences such as employee cooperation, corporation leadership and employee loyalty to the company will be dependant on the style of management used by the corporation. As such, it is important for different nations to develop human resource management practices that reflect their local circumstances and socio-cultural, political and economic situations. For example, some Asian nations such as South Korea, Taiwan and Japan have adopted a HRM strategy that is grounded in Confucian values of respect for the family foremost, and an emphasis on obligations to the collective (Rowden, pp. 163-64). Japanese Management System Japan is a democratic nation and has a highly refined and formalized culture that is in many ways restrained. The work ethics of Japanese business appears to focus dealing with work pressures in ways that are remarkably different to those of western industries. This is due to the lifetime socialization of Japanese citizens to think in terms of the collective, and behaviours that resemble individualism are highly discouraged. One way to ensure that its people conform to the practice of â€Å"maintaining face† is by the use of ostracism to disengage the non-conforming individualist from the group. Hence, team work and cooperative practices are very salient within the Japanese society. Especially, employees work with a high commitment to their organization, and also display a commitment to the economic welfare of their nation. The Japanese legal system maintains the labour standards that currently exist, a principle one being lifetime employment. Although some employees would prefer a different system to lifetime employment, the ingrained cultural management means that the practice is likely to remain. In fact the government and industry work together most cooperatively. The overall aim of the nation and its industries appears to be steady and continuous growth rather than a focus on profits, shareholder interests are secondary, and investors appear to be content with making minimal profits as long as growth is the focus. The form of management appears to be quite paternal and authoritarian (Mroczkowski, pp. 21-22). Japan tends to be very authoritarian in management style, and so there is little dispersion of power sharing across the company. Redundancy does not seem to be a concern for employees, as lifetime employment ensures that they are receiving a wage at home or they are relegated to another part of the company. As part of lifetime employment the homes of employees may likely be owned by the corporation that they work for. Employees tend to go on leisure trips as a group. Many areas of employee’s lives are influenced by the corporation that they work with. This is one of the ways conformity is expected. There is an emphasis on a team-oriented approach to corporate running. This incorporates Common and consistent goals, Organizational commitment, Role clarity among team members, Team leadership, Mutual accountability with the team, Complementary knowledge and skills, Reinforcement of required behavioural competencies and shared rewards. It s expected that such approaches fulfil the familial and community need that there is a gap present in today’s society, and so the company can fulfil a basic human need. Kaizen   The Japanese style of management is clearly characteristic of its collectivist cultural background. Foremost, the most prominent characteristic of the Japanese corporation is that it is family like in quality. As such, the Japanese corporation can be described as an â€Å"entity† firm, in contrast to a â€Å"property† firm. As an entity, the corporation functions as an institution in that it is maintained across time and has an identity of its own, that is separate and non-dependant on the employees and managers who work within it. This system of corporate governance has existed by way of lifetime employment, seniority of wages and promotion, as well as enterprise-based unions. Lifetime employment is characterized by management being primarily of employees who have spent their entire career within the firm. In this way the seniority wage system could be utilized as a promotion process by way of seniority of age and on the job task ability. Performance merit remained and rivalry was highly dependant on ones ability to cooperate with others (Bamber, p. 303).    What Is The Japanese Management System? This segment sketches the chief management practices that are mostly agreed to have applied in Japan until now, at least in large corporations in the manufacturing sector. As we shall notice afterward, the system as illustrated here is currently experiencing significant amendments. Employment and Personnel Practices Amongst many prominent features of the Japanese management structure, one is the lifetime service. The expression is, however, something of a misnomer and is better expressed as enduring employment with a particular firm. In comparison with much western practice, large firms in Japan aim to sign up all their employees, both blue and white collar, directly from the learning system. ‘Regular’ workers enter the firm at its minor levels and are then projected to keep with it for the rest of their operational lives. Though some movement between firms is bearable, this is generally restricted to immature employees at the start of their profession. Apart from this, there is an indulgent between employer and employee that to depart the firm amounts to a severe contravene of mutual commitment. This system is self-maintaining because large firms hardly ever enlist personnel from other corporations. Once the preliminary ‘exploration’ phase is over, employees cannot leave without rigorously damaging their profession prospects. To westerners, life span employment seems perplexing, not least because it appears to restrain a firm’s capability to amend its employment costs in response to varying business surroundings. But the system is underpinned by the use of transitory workers who can be laid off as the need arises. Lifetime service is therefore far from worldwide in Japan, even in large manufacturing companies. Furthermore, women are expelled from the system. Some approximations have indicated that only 40 to 60% of those functioning in large firms and trading houses are covered by lifetime employment (Coad, pp. 314-16). New employees are given exhaustive technical guidance plus a more general orientation into the firm’s culture covering such subjects as its history and values. Additional training is offered during each step of the employee’s livelihood, and is anticipated to be taken very sincerely. For example, upgrading to better levels may depend on successful completion of the firm’s encouragement examinations. Job-rotation is another major trait of Japanese management approach and is not limited to ground levels and carries on all the way through an employee’s live of business. Besides rewards of job-security, pay and position, Japanese firms offer a broad range of safety benefits. These may consist of financial support with housing and schooling, medicinal facilities, free transportation and social conveniences. Retirement profits are, however, insufficient by western principles. As with life span employment, welfare necessities express the paternalistic relationship among employer and employee, although momentary workers are not permitted to obtain these benefits. They are also disqualified from membership of the organization union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the Japanese policy to decision-making involves wide communication and discussion. Suggestions for change are disseminated within the organization and intricate attempts are made to secure agreement from the parties that are likely to be influenced. Ideas for enhancement to operating actions are encouraged from underneath and are considered at every stage until an agreement is completed (House, pp. 6-7). Taken collectively, practices such as lifetime service, constant teaching and job-rotation, seniority-based pay and sponsorship, wide-range welfare necessities, and agreement decision-making provide centre employees with employment sanctuary, non-stop upgrading in pay and status over a long period, extensive all-encompassing safety benefits, proficiency development through training, and a grade of contribution in decision-making. In return, employees are predicted to display full commitment to their job and to their company. Japanese Management in Japan The well-known advocates of learning from Japan be predisposed to assume that Japan’s employment and personnel practices and the Japanese management style were the foremost causes of the success of large firms, and hence of national success. Although Japan’s economy has been triumphant, its industry has not been uniformly so. Industrial and hi-tech competitiveness is one of the burning current issues in Japan. Japan’s dominance in manufacturing has been displayed chiefly in the mass-production and high-technology industries. This could signify that firms in less successful industries have not applied the employment and personnel practices of Japanese management in the way that those in flourishing industries have (Grein and Takada, pp. 19-20). But an alternative and more reasonable possibility is that these practices are less important to success than has been assumed. Conclusion Yet, the Japanese management system should not be conceptualized as if it is composed only by practices within firms. Japan’s system of ‘alliance capitalism’ comprises commonly supportive networks of industrial and financial firms and relations with government which play a momentous role in the economy’s operation.   Theorists argued that Japan’s system is adjusting to new conditions but that its basic model of corporate governance, struggle and employment remains largely intact. So even if the personnel practices practiced by large Japanese firms are uniting with those of the Western States, Japan’s overall management system looks likely to retain its pre-eminent character. Works Cited Bamber, G. and Leggett, C. (2001), â€Å"Changing employment relations in the Asia-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pacific Region†, International Journal of Management, Vol. 22 No.4, pp. 303. Coad, A.F. (2002), Not everything is black and white for falling dominoes, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21 No.6, pp. 314-16. Grein, A.F. and Takada, H. (2001), â€Å"Integration and responsiveness: marketing strategies of Japanese and European automobile manufacturers†, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.19-20. House, R. (2002), â€Å"Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE†, Journal of World Business, Vol. 37 No.1, pp. 6-7. Kim, J. (2000), â€Å"Perceptions of Japanese organizational culture†, Journal of Managerial Culture, Vol. 15 No.6, pp. 538–39. Mroczkowski, T. and Hanaoka, M. (1998), The End of Japanese Management: How Soon? Human Resource Planning, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 21-22. Rowden, R.W. (2002), â€Å"The strategic role of human resource management in developing a global corporate culture†, International Journal of Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp.163-164.   

Can we legalize Marihuana essays

Can we legalize Marihuana essays I am going to write about the cause and effects on the use of marihuana. A lot of people use marihuana and they dont realize that they are making damage to their self. And they dont know what effects in a long term could have in using marihuana. They use it because of the immediate effect it produce on their body and their mind. This is a drug commonly used by people of all ages, specially teenagers. The primary causes of using this drug is family problems and group pressure. Although it is a socially used drug among people of all ages. Too many of these people have low self esteem problems and they use it to be part of a group. Others use it to forgot their problems for a moment. Almost anybody knows some friend or somebody that have access to drugs. Some persons use it because of a health problem such as cancer or a severe asthma. In some cases the doctor recommends it for some medical cases, because they have the faculty to prescribe it as a pain reliever. But the secondary effects are worst than the disease itself. But this is an issue highly discussed in the medical family. They are not totally sure of this. They lack on studies that demonstrate categorically that the use of this drug is of benefit for the patient. For that reason this drug is still prohibited. The effects of this drug can vary depending on the person that use it. For some kids have very bad effects such as bad grades, bad relations with family or friends or even school drop out. Cause it leads for use of some other drugs that are potentially more addictive and dangerous. Is good that it is illegal because of our own protection. Imagine a bunch of people with no brains on the streets. The accidents on the road would increase because a person that is in marihuana effects cant reason well. The people under the effects of marihuana are crazy and they dont care about nothing. ...

Maggie Lena Walker

Maggie Lena Walker Overview Maggie Lena Walker once said, I am of the opinion [that] if we can catch the vision, in a few years we shall be able to enjoy the fruits from this effort and its attendant responsibilities, through untold benefits reaped by the youth of the race. Walker was the first American womanof any raceto be a bank president and inspired African-Americans to become   self-sufficient entrepreneurs. As a follower of Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of cast down your bucket where you are, Walker was a lifelong resident of Richmond, working to bring change to African-Americans throughout Virginia. Achievements   First American woman to establish and be appointed as a bank president.  Established the St. Luke Herald, a local African-American newspaper.   Early Life In 1867, Walker was born Maggie Lena Mitchell in Richmond, Va. Her parents, Elizabeth Draper Mitchell and father, William Mitchell, were both former slaves who were emancipated through the thirteenth amendment. Walkers mother was an assistant cook and her father was a butler in a mansion owned by the abolitionist Elizabeth Van Lew. Following the death of her father, Walker took on a number of jobs to help support her family.   By 1883, Walker graduated at the top of her class. That same year, she began teaching at the Lancaster School. Walker also attended the school, taking classes in accounting and business. Walker taught at the Lancaster School for three years before accepting a job as a secretary of the Independent Order of St. Luke in Richmond, an organization that assisted sick and elderly members of the community. Entrepreneur   While working for the Order of St. Luke, Walker was appointed secretary-treasurer of the organization. Under Walkers leadership, the organizations membership increased tremendously by encouraging African-American women to save their money. Under Walkers tutelage, the organization purchased an office building for $100,000 and increased the staff to more than fifty employees. In 1902, Walker established the St. Luke Herald, an African-American newspaper in Richmond. Following the successes of the St. Luke Herald, Walker established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. By doing so, Walker became the first women in the United States to found a bank. The goal of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank was to provide loans to members of the community. In 1920, the bank helped members of the community purchase an estimated 600 houses. The success of the bank helped the Independent Order of St. Luke continue to grow. In 1924, it was reported that the order had 50,000 members, 1500 local chapters, and estimated assets of at least $400,000. During the Great Depression, St. Luke Penny Savings merged with two other banks in Richmond to become The Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. Walker served as chairperson of the board. Community Activist   Walker was an avid fighter for the rights of not only African-Americans, but women as well. In 1912, Walker helped establish the Richmond Council of Colored Women and was elected as the organizations president. Under Walkers leadership, the organization raised money to support Janie Porter Barretts Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls as well as other philanthropic endeavors. Walker was also a member of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), the International Council of Women of the Darker Races, the National Association of Wage Earners, National Urban League, the Virginia Interracial Committee and the Richmond chapter of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Honors and Awards Throughout Walkers life, she was honored for her efforts as a community builder. In 1923, Walker was the recipient of an honorary Masters degree from Virginia Union University. Walker was inducted in to the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2002. In addition, the City of Richmond named a street, theatre and high school in Walkers honor. Family and Marriage In 1886, Walker married her husband, Armistead, an African-American contractor. The Walkers had two sons named Russell and Melvin.

Leadership and Ethics for Managers Unit 4 DB SA First Week Essay

Leadership and Ethics for Managers Unit 4 DB SA First Week - Essay Example Leadership should be based on competence and not on gender. Also, the ideal type of leadership is not gender based but should be based on characteristics. True, masculine trait has it good qualities and so is the feminine trait. These traits should be combined to form a set of leadership qualities that should be idealized by both genders. I chose Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Oprah Winfrey. Hillary Clinton probably is one of the most powerful women in the United States and even in the world. She is smart, assertive and gracious and could be United States next President. She makes decision that affects the lives of many people both here and abroad. I also chose Oprah Winfrey not just for the success of her television show but also on the issues that she is advocating in her show. She also upholds positivity and learning and makes people believe in themselves. Oprah basically used her celebrity status to make a difference in other people’s lives. She may be very rich but she is not ostentatious and gives huge amount of money to

Free Market Economy and Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Market Economy and Financial Crisis - Essay Example The companies had come to this point of crisis because free market had allowed them to make investments due to which the institutions were posed to risks. Millions of people in America lost their jobs and had their savings bushed. A number of factors have been blamed for this crisis but economists believe that free market is the very basic factor amongst all. Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz wrote in his book Freefall that market fundamentalists and deregulators are responsible for the mess. The situation showed that free-market economists failed and market fundamentalists were responsible for the economic crunch (Sorman 2010). The economy of United States of America witnessed only a few minor recessions each for a short period of time. Those recessions did not stir the economy enough to cause economists to develop a well descriptive recession model. With no major recessions over a long time, the economists tend to believe that the crisis may not happen. The model derived by free marke t economists was running a healthy economy from 80s to 2008 making economists believe that the model may not turn the situation upside down (Sorman 2010). The free market economists argue that it is the recession that prompted the financial crisis and not the other way around. Economists believe that recession began in 2007 when consumer spending decreased, overdue borrowing increased and lack of interest of homeowners in their mortgaged houses increased. They claim that the failure of financial derivatives were not the cause of financial turmoil as they were helping in the stabilization of the economy. Economists assume that due to a sudden economic downfall government faced pressure from political and non political forces to take immediate steps. This led to government spending and its intervention in the scenario which seemed quite logical at that time. The situation worsened with new public debts and regulations which stumbled upon the recovery of the economy (Sorman 2010; Bordo et al 2010). The economy could be recoiled in a quicker way if government had allowed enterprises to survive on their own by dealing with the crisis with an astute strategic approach. It is also believed that the financial turmoil was brought about by the recession but the initial slump was the result of energy cost as well. The US expenditure of energy as expressed in percentage of total spending had droppedfrom 8 to 5 percent between 1979 and 2004. The price of gasoline had hit $4 per gallon by June 2008, representing a sharp shift in energy share of total spending back to 7 per cent. The shift was due to the increased demand from evolving economies like China and India which soared up the prices. The price grabbed attention as the spending pattern showing a considerable upward movement was an indication of disruption. The unit sales of light truck curtailed by 23 per cent in the second quarter of 2008 in comparison to the preceding year’s 2nd quarter.The auto manufacturin g industry cut over 125,000 jobs during the same period. The energy prices affected transportation and hence the housing sector as the houses in the suburban region lost their value and attraction. Failure of the mortgage market came up as another blow in 2007, prior to the financial cri

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Law - Essay Example The legal relationship creates rights and obligations between the parties and binds only between those who are privy to the contract, and not other people who are not parties (often described in law books as â€Å"strangers† or by the misnomer â€Å"third parties†) even though those people may be affected by the contract directly or indirectly (p. 15). Usually the agreement will contain a promise or set of promises that each party has made to the other: this is known as bilateral contract because each party promises to do something. For example, X promises to build a house for Y and Y promises to pay X for doing so. Sometimes only one party will make a promise to do something if the other party actually does something stipulated by the former1. For example, X promises to pay $100 if Y completes and returns a marketing questionnaire to X. Such a contract is known as a unilateral contract because the promise is one-sided. Although X promised to pay in the stipulated circumstances, Y is under no obligation to complete and return the marketing questionnaire but if he does the court or arbitral tribunal will recognize a binding agreement that X will pay him $1002. In building projects daring negotiations for the award of a formal contract one sometimes finds so-called letters of intent expressed in terms such as these: â€Å"Please pr oceed with the works and if no formal contract is concluded we will pay you your costs and expenses that you have incurred† (Richard & Stone 2005, p. 115). It is often not appreciated that a letter in such terms can create a unilateral contract which the court will enforce, albeit not the formal contract which the parties had hoped to finalize. And although one often talks of a â€Å"written† or â€Å"formal† contract it is not really the piece of paper which itself is the contract – the piece of paper merely records what the terms of the contract are

Lephalale Exxaro Training Centre

Lephalale Exxaro Training Centre The purpose of this report is to provide a description of the period of vacation work spent at Exxaro Resources Grootegeluk mine. The requirement was set to the student to spend time with and work with artisans in their everyday environment to gain valuable practical training and experience. The training provided a broad overview of the environment that an engineer can be exposed to and must be able to handle during his or her practice. A comprehensive understanding of different disciplines was attained by working with diesel mechanics, millwrights, electricians and fitters. Tasks completed range from the manufacturing and assembly of components to the maintenance of existing systems and troubleshooting of systems that dont function as expected. The incorporation of a study of personnel management added another dimension to the training period by informing the student about the enabling, employee lifecycle and supportive services offered to the employee to ensure a satisfying and adv ancing working environment. INTRODUCTION Exxaro Resources Ltd is a South African mining company that owns coal, mineral sands, base metals as well as industrial metal related assets. The majority of its revenue is however generated by its coal mining business units. Exxaros Coal Mining Division is established as the fourth largest producer of coal in South Africa with eight different coal mines throughout the Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces under their control. Exxaros Grootegeluk Coal mine in Ellisras in the Limpopo province is an open-cast coal mine with the largest coal beneficiation facility in the world. It supplies power station coal to the Matimba Power Station and also produces coking coal for use in the production of steel, as well as high quality metallurgical coal. It is also the home of the Medupi power station expansion project which, after completion will lead to Grootegeluk being the largest open-cast mining facility in the world. CONTENT 2.1. PRACTICAL TRAINING 2.1.1. SECONDARY MINING MAINTENANCE 2.1.1.1. INTRODUCTION The central workshop on the Grootegeluk site is responsible for tasks such as repair, maintenance, assembly and fabrication. The workshop is divided into three sections, namely Mining Maintenance, Plating and Refurbishment. The secondary mining maintenance section situated in the central workshop on the Grootegeluk site is primarily responsible for the maintenance of the water trucks, tippers, low-beds and smaller trackless mobile machinery. Time was spent working in this section, in cooperation with diesel mechanics, to acquire knowledge of the maintenance and operation of the trucks. 2.1.1.2. TRUCK INVENTORY 3 water trucks and 3 tippers are required to operate at any time. The trucks used are supplied by Caterpillar and are classified as the CAT 777 models. The models that operate on the mine currently are the CAT 777D and CAT 777F models. The plan at the moment is to phase out the CAT 777D trucks and incorporate the newer CAT 777F models. 2.1.1.3. LAYOUT OF CHASSIS AND POWER TRAINs A major advantage of the fact that the CAT 777 models are being used is the fact that the chassis and power train can be used interchangeably between trucks that are of the same model. Depending on what is required, either a water tank or bucket can be mounted on the chassis making it a versatile alternative to the purchasing of trucks manufactured for specific purposes only. The trucks are powered by an 870 horsepower, 27.9 litre engine. The power from the engine is sent through a torque converter, which is followed by a prop shaft leading to a semi-automatic transmission, differential and the left and right rear final drives. The basic layout of the truck can be shown as follows: 2 2.1.1.4. WATER TRUCKS Responsibility of water trucks: Spray water on the mine roads to reduce the amount of dust caused by the passing of trucks and mine machinery In the event of a fire on the mine, the water trucks may be used to extinguish the fire by use of a nozzle mounted on the front Capacity: The total load carrying capacity of the water trucks depends on the model. The capacity of the tank on the older CAT 777D trucks is 80000 litres while the tank on the newer CAT 777F has a slightly larger capacity of 82000 litres. Pump and spray system: A centrifugal pump system is used at the back of the truck to pump water from the tank to the spray nozzles. Water flows down from the tank into the pump where it is then rerouted upwards into the piping system leading to the spray nozzles. The spray nozzles then project a jet of water at a small obstruction which again changes the direction of travel causing the water to disperse Diagram of piping: Diagram of side view of spray nozzles 2.1.1.5. TIPPERS Responsibility of tippers: Waste and overburden in the mine is defined as rock and soil that cannot be used for the extraction of product. It also includes the waste produced during the extraction of the product. Because of the small amount of coal content that might still be present in the waste there is always a risk of spontaneous combustion. The tippers are responsible for moving and dumping red sand and topsoil on the waste dumps and the areas around the pit to shield the area from intense direct sunlight and reduce the probability of spontaneous combustion. The tippers also operate occasionally in the pit together with front-end loaders to clean out small amounts of material that the shovels and larger trucks are unable to collect because of the lack of space for operation. Capacity: The load carrying capacity of the tippers is dependent upon the condition of the hydraulic system used to lift the bucket. Two hydraulic cylinders are used to lift the bucket and tip the load. In a brand new condition, the tippers are able to handle a load of 120 tons while a tipper that has been in service is typically only loaded up to 100 tons to ensure that the system will be able to dump the load. 2.1.1.6. SERVICING THE TRUCKS In the coal mining environment, the trucks are required to be serviced after every 300 hours of operation. During the training period, both the CAT 777F and CAT 777D models were serviced. The 300 hour service on the CAT 777D truck entails the following: Sampling 3 different samples of fluids were taken while the engine was still running Engine oil Transmission fluid Hydraulic fluid 6 more samples were taken after the engine was switched off Left front hub oil Right front hub oil Left final drive oil Right final drive oil Steering fluid Differential oil These samples were then sent to the mine laboratory. The samples are then analysed to check for the presence of iron filings or debris that could indicate the presence of wear on the components. Replacement of filters The sump plugs and used oil filters were removed to drain the engine oil Although the primary sump is the most important to be drained, the engine also has a small secondary sump that was also drained Used oil was caught in an oil trolley New oil filters were installed Diesel filters were removed New diesel filters were installed New steering filter was installed Checking the fluid levels The level of the oil in the final drives, front hubs, differential, hydraulic system and transmission were checked Transmission fluid was filled up Engine oil was filled up The servicing of the CAT 777F trucks was handled by certified Barloworld technicians, since the trucks have only been operating on the mine for a short time. Mechanics present in the workshop had to thoroughly observe the tasks that the technicians were performing in order to learn what needs to be done. Eventually the task of servicing will be handed over to the diesel mechanics. 2.1.1.7. DRIVING THE TRUCKS The trucks operate using as semi-automatic transmission. This transmission eliminates the need for a clutch pedal, leaving only a brake pedal and an accelerator pedal. A torque converter is however incorporated with the gearbox to fulfil the purpose of the clutch. Three different braking systems are available on the trucks. Operators seldom use the foot brake which exerts a braking force on the all four wheels of the truck because of the heat generated. The steering column is fitted with levers to operate two other braking systems. The retarder lever is primarily used to slow the truck down by exerting a braking force on the rear wheels. The secondary lever is a last resort for operators and, when pulled, exerts a braking force on all four of the trucks wheels simultaneously. When the trucks are stationary and the engine switched off, the park brake has to be engaged. Additional stop blocks are placed behind the wheels of the trucks to prevent them from rolling. When the truck needs to be driven the following steps are taken: Engage the park brake Engage the retarder lever Select the number of gears required from the transmission Disengage the park brake Disengage the retarder lever Press the accelerator pedal The transmission will shift through the number of gears selected Steer the truck 2.1.2. CENTRAL WORKSHOP: PLATING 2.1.2.1. INTRODUCTION The central plating workshop at Grootegeluk mine is responsible for the majority of the sheet metal work that needs to be done on the mine. Artisans in this section have the task of manufacturing and assembling components of structures or machinery in and around the mine. The plating workshop also has facilities to sandblast and spray the components manufactured. The majority of the workload of the workshop finds application in the production and beneficiation plants. Time was spent with boilermakers in order to gain an understanding of sheet metal work. 2.1.2.2. MATERIAL Mild steel and stainless steel are the dominating types of steel used in the workshop. The type of material used for an application is in some instances limited by the capabilities of the available machinery. 2.1.2.3. PREHEATING Preheating of materials is an advantageous process when welding has to be performed and aids in the assurance of a strong, quality weld. Four main reasons for preheating exist. Preheating of the metal reduces the rate at which the welded component cools down. Rapid cooling of the welded joint could cause shrinkage of the metal in the vicinity of the weld which eventually leads to the formation of cracks and reduces the strength of the weld. In materials with low ductility, the shrinkage stress in the weld area could cause extensive deformation of the component after welding. Preheating lessens the effect of distortion by giving the welder the opportunity to utilise a momentary increase in ductility during the welding process. When the temperature of the parent material that is being used is too low, it can cause the deposited electrode metal to cool rapidly, leading to the prevention of the fusion of the metals. Preheating lowers the risk of this situation occurring. The amount of preheating required is dependent upon the thickness and configuration of the plates to be welded. The final reason for preheating relates to the presence of moisture on the surface of the metal. If the surface of the metal is wet during the welding process it could lead to the rejection of the weld or an accelerated tempo of surface crack formation in the welding region. 2.1.2.4. TIPS FOR FLUX-CORED ARC WELDING The flux-cored arc welding used in the workshop uses a wire electrode which is shielded by an appropriate gas. In general, flux-cored wires are manufactured to function with either carbon dioxide or a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide as shielding gas. The shielding gas prevents the spark from causing the uncontrolled dispersion or oxidation of the electrode metal. Flux-cored arc welding is generally performed by dragging the welding gun along the joint that needs to be welded. When welding t-joints it is important to maintain the welding gun at a 45à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼ angle to ensure that the electrode metal is evenly deposited in both pieces of metal. When completing butt welds the torch needs to remain in an upright position and should not deviate from the upright position by more than 15à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼. This will also ensure even distribution of the electrode metal during the welding process. 75à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼ 2.1.2.5. EQUIPMENT Welding Lincoln electric Idealarc DC-600 power source Direct current welding power source with a maximum current output of 850 A and maximum voltage output of 44 V Lincoln electric LN-25 PRO semi-automatic wire feeder Wire feeders are connected to the power source to feed electrode wire through the welding gun Tri-mark TM-791 Flux-cored electrode wire used in conjunction with CO2 as shielding gas Matweld Anti-spatter Silicone mat 0810 Spray canister that is used to prevent the spatter of electrode metal during the welding process The spray is applied to the welding gun Cutting torches: Two combinations of gases are used in the cutting torches. LP gas and oxygen are used together, or acetylene and oxygen Lighting the torch The operator opens the LPG or acetylene feed and lights the gas After the LPG or acetylene has been lit, the oxygen supply is opened to enhance the flame An optimal flame to cut metal with is a quiet flame of blue colour with no visible or distortions Application of torches Torches are primarily used to cut mild steel in the workshop. Torches cannot be used to cut stainless steel. Technically speaking torches do not cut, they burn the metal. Burning involves oxidation of the metal. The high temperature of the flame accelerates this oxidation process. Stainless steel has low iron content and will not rust in the presence of the flame. Automated cutting torch This machine has the ability to follow a shape by means of a proximity eye on a table at the left side of the machine, while simultaneously moving the torch in the exact same pattern to cut a component from metal plates on the right side of the machine. Shapes are drawn and cut out on a yellow plastic sheet. The edges of the shape are then painted white. The shape is then placed under the eye which follows the outline of the shape while cutting the metal in the same way. Plasma cutter: Cebora Plasma Prof 80 art 947 Uses only compressed air to make accurate cuts in metal up to a thickness of 20 mm and rough severance cuts up to 30 mm Operation: The plasma cutter used in the workshop utilises high pressure gas which is sent through a small tubular gun. The small tubular gun contains a negative electrode that creates a circuit when the gun is brought close to the metal. This electric spark caused by the circuit causes the gas to be heated into the plasma state of matter and reaches a temperature of about 16000à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼C. This extremely hot plasma then melts the metal that is being cut. The plasma cutter can be used to cut any metal. In the workshop it is used to cut stainless steel plates. Sandblasting equipment: Spartan engineering 800M pressure vessel 200 L capacity The purpose of the sandblasting equipment is to clean and remove paint from the surface of metal components which then prepares the surface to be spray painted. 2.1.2.6. TASKS OBSERVED Due to the nature of the precision and accuracy required to complete the jobs, most of the time in the workshop was spent observing and assisting. The following jobs were in progress: Manufacturing and assembly of waste buckets Waste buckets are used around the mine for different waste material. These waste buckets are made by the mine boilermakers. Three waste buckets were being built for use around the mine. Plates for the structure had to be cut, bent and welded together using a cutting torch, bending machine and welding machine. Basic side layout Basic front layout Wear plates Two sets of wear plates are used as sections of a vibrating beam in one of the assemblies in the plants One set of plates have six holes through which it fastens the beam The second set of plates are rectangular and support two springs Because of the magnitude of the forces acting on these wear plates, bearing failure of the plates occurs during operation. This wear is however allowed and monitored for a period of time before the beams are then removed and the worn out plates cut off New wear plates were manufactured according to specification Clamps for pipes Clamps were manufactured to fasten the pipes used in the plants Haulpak truck operators cab Boilermakers assembled the frame of an operators cab for one of the Haulpak trucks. Drawings were supplied giving detail of the cover plates that had to be fabricated, as well as assembly drawings to show the final required layout. The welds utilised were to be either 3 or 6 mm one-sided fillet welds. The M12 nuts that were used to assemble the frame also had to be tag welded. Extractor fan piping system Maintenance on the plants requires occasional replacement of the piping on the extractor fan system. A 6 pipe assembly was manufactured to replace the old system. Flanges were cut and holes for bolts were punched. Pipes were cut to the appropriate lengths and shapes after which flanges were welded onto the pipes. 2.1.3. GG 3/4/5 AND WASTE MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP 2.1.3.1. INTRODUCTION The GG 3/4/5 and waste management workshop at Grootegeluk mine is responsible for the mechanical and electrical maintenance of the GG 3,4 and 5 plants as well as the system set up to convey waste to the dumps. A wide variety of systems, from substations to conveyor belts, are the responsibility of the artisans in this workshop. Time was spent with fitters and electricians to gain an understanding of the tasks required. 2.1.3.2. TASKS COMPLETED Replacement of motors in GG 5 tunnel: After completing the necessary safety protocol the first task was to replace two 380 V electric motors in the GG 5 feeder tunnel. The job required both electricians and fitters to complete and was completed by these steps: Since the motors operate on a 380 V control voltage, the first task was to cut the electricity supply to the motors by isolating the breaker in the substation The new motors, weighing in at 118 kg each were carried down into the tunnel using a sling wound around the motors The electrical supply wires in the cable box were disconnected After disconnection, the bolts on the old motors were loosened and the old motors were removed The new motors were then hoisted into place by a small handheld portable crane The bolts were fastened to keep the motors in place The electrical supply wires in the cable box were reconnected The supply to the motors in the substation was switched on The final step was to check if the motors were in fact turning in the right direction Proximity sensors: The job relating to the proximity sensors required the attention of electricians and required thorough investigation into and troubleshooting of the wiring circuit leading to the sensor on the feeder motors. The proximity sensors kept burning when they switch after connection. The function of a proximity sensor is to detect the presence of a metal component within 5 mm of its periphery and takes the form of a small circular cylinder with a threaded outer casing and electronic components inside. These sensors are used to indicate to the operator whether the lever at the electric motors has been engaged. This prevents the motor from running without being engaged to the feeders. The troubleshooting followed a sequential path: First the cable leading from the junction box at the motors was followed back to the PLC in the substation The basic function of a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is to provide an electronic interface between the supply and the components The PLC can be set up to perform certain tasks during certain time intervals and can also receive and respond to inputs from other electronic components From the PLC the total length of the cable was divided into 4 sections PLC to distribution panel Distribution panel to junction box Junction box to cable box Cable box to proximity sensor The connection at the proximity sensor requires the presence of a live and neutral wire At first glance the suspicion was that both the wires available were live wires, thereby causing a short circuit when the proximity sensor switches A Meggar insulation tester was then used to test each length of cable The basic function of a Meggar is to test the magnitude of insulation between the conductor and the earth A low reading on the Meggar indicates the possible presence of a short circuit or damage to the wire insulation After the use of the Meggar the proximity sensor was sequentially wired into the circuit at each section and tested Eventually the short circuit was found between the cable box and the proximity sensor Servicing of slip ring motors; The high voltage electric motors used to drive the waste conveyor belt system are 6.6 kV slip ring motors. These motors need to be serviced regularly to ensure efficient functioning of the system and to prevent the motors from being damaged. Equipment needed: Meggar insulation tester Blower Cleaning solvent Extension cord In order to complete the service of the slip ring motor, the following steps had to be taken: The electrical supply to the motor was cut off by isolating the breaker in the substation The side cover panels of the electric motor were removed Twelve brushes inside the motor were then removed from the brush holders Special care had to be taken to make sure that the brushes dont touch each other The Meggar insulation tester was then connected to the slip rings Negative terminal connects to the body of the motor Positive terminal connects to the slip rings An initial reading of 640 MÃŽ © was recorded The control voltage on the motor is an indication of the reading required from the Meggar For a 6.6 kV motor the reading from the Meggar should at least be 6.6 kÃŽ © The Meggar was removed and the inside of the slip ring and brush casing was blown out with the blower After blowing out dust and fine copper, the slip rings and the inside of the casing were wiped with a cloth and solvent to remove the last bit of fine copper The Meggar was reconnected and a reading of 3.22 GÃŽ © was obtained which was adequate The side cover panels were replaced and the electrical supply to the motor was switched back on Replacement of a 6.6 kV slip ring motor: The 6.6 kV electric motors used for the conveyor system eventually deteriorate in such a manner that they cannot be brought back to an acceptable operating state by means of a service only. These motors then need to be replaced and are sent away to be properly refurbished if it is possible. The following steps were followed: The electric supply to the motor was cut off by isolating the breaker in the substation The electromagnetic drum brake was released and moved out of the way The shaft coupling (jaw coupling) between the shaft on the motor and the shaft on the gearbox was disengaged The panels covering the electrical phase terminals and winding terminals were removed and the supply cables were disconnected The next step was to loosen the bolts at the bottom that fasten the motor to the structural frame The old motor was then hoisted by means of a forklift and removed The new motor was then put in place The electric supply was reconnected to the phase and winding terminals The bolts at the bottom of the motor were fastened slightly and the shaft coupling replaced to prevent excessive movement of the motor Alignment of the shafts was then done Shaft coupling was properly engaged The bolts on the structural frame were fastened 2.1.4. CONVEYOR BELTS 2.1.4.1. INTRODUCTION A brief introduction was given to a typical engineering problem to provide insight into what is often required from engineers. The belt on the waste management system leading to the dump needs to be extended. This is causing problems in terms of the power required from the slip ring motors. The extension of the belt causes additional load to be hauled by the motors. The motors that are currently installed trip when started up on full load. Time was spent studying and applying calculation to determine the power required from the motors to drive the conveyor belt system. 2.1.4.2. POWER REQUIREMENTS OF CONVEYOR BELT SYSTEMS The governing factors relating to the power requirements of a conveyor belt system concerns the provision of the necessary force to overcome the resistances posed by the entire system. These resistances can be divided into 5 subsections: Main resistances FH Secondary resistances FN Special main resistances Fs1 Special secondary resistances Fs2 Slope resistance Fst Main resistances: The main resistances that the motors have to overcome relate to the resistance of the rotating idlers, the resistance by the movement of the empty belt, the resistance of the material to horizontal movement as well as the resistance of the belt due to a slope along its conveying length. The resistance posed by the rotation of the idlers is manifested in the form of the frictional resistance of the idler bearings and seals. Rotational inertia of the idlers also contributes to the resistance posed. The belt creates resistance by means of the indentation resistance of the belt on the rollers. The flexure of the belt and the material that the belt is made of also resists the movement of the belt. An overall calculation to determine the resistance due to rotation of idlers and movement of the empty belt takes the following form: FH1 = (qro + qru + 2qb cos ÃŽ ±) x f x L x g qro Mass per unit length of rotating idler parts on the carrying side [kg/m] qru Mass per unit length of rotating idler parts on the return side [kg/m] qb Mass per unit length of the belt [kg/m] ÃŽ ± Angle of inclination [degrees/radians] L Centre to centre conveyor length [m] g Gravitational acceleration [m/s2] f Friction factor due to idlers The mass of rotating idler parts and the mass per unit length of the belt itself is determined by means of the tables of specifications given in the design catalogue or procedure followed. This requires the belt width which can be decided upon or determined mathematically. These masses are then converted into mass per unit length by means of the following formulas: qro = mro/ao [kg/m] qru = mru/au [kg/m] ao carry side idler spacing au return side idler spacing The decision then needs to be made with regard to the selection of a friction factor. This is also specified by the design catalogue. The Phoenix Conveyor Belt Design Fundamentals catalogue provides the following guidelines for selection: f = 0.017 for well aligned belts with smooth running idlers and low friction f = 0.02 for normal applications f = 0.023 to 0.027 for harsh operating environments, high frictional forces and the occasional overloading of the belt The centre to centre distance can be described as the distance from the head to the tail of the conveying system and encompasses the total possible length over which material can be conveyed. This is usually a parameter that is pre-determined by the specific situation. Finally the calculation of the resistance due to the rotation of the idlers and the empty belt force can be done. The next calculation that needs to be done relates to the resistance of the material to being conveyed horizontally. FH2 = qm x L x g x f x cos ÃŽ ± [N] qm mass of the material per unit length that is being conveyed To calculate the value of qm needed in the above formula, the total capacity or throughput of the belt needs to known. qm = Qm/v [kg/m] Qm The capacity or thoughput of the conveyor system [kg/s] v velocity of the belt [m/s] The calculation for the resistance of the material to horizontal movement can now be done. The resistance posed by gravity due to a slope/gradient along the conveying length also needs to be taken into consideration. Fst = qm x H x g [N] H change in the elevation of the belt along the length [m] After this calculation, all the major primary resistances needed have been calculated Special main resistances: The friction caused by the movement of the belt past the chute flaps is regarded as an important factor that needs to be calculated as part of the power requirements. Secondary resistances: Secondary resistance to the movement of the belt takes into consideration the detail relating to the operation and design of the belt. When material is deposited onto the conveyor belt system, a force is required to accelerate the material in the direction of conveying. This force is manifested in the form of the change of momentum of the material when dropped onto the belt and. Additional resistance to movement is then imposed on the drive system. The presence of skirt plates in the vicinity of the chute to keep material from dropping off the belt causes more resistance to the movement of the belt. This resistance depends on the magnitude of the friction force between the belt and the plate as well as the length of belt in contact with the plate. Occasionally the skirt plates also cause the material to exert a force on the belt which leads to additional frictional resistance. Other secondary resistances also include the resistance caused by the pulley bearings and the wrap of the belt around the pulleys. Special secondary resistances: Additional systems installed on the belt can also cause resistance to the movement of the belt. The basic operation of belt cleaners leads to friction forces being present between the belt and the material as well as between the material and cleaners. These friction forces, combined with the forces of the discharge ploughs, impose an additional load that need to be overcome. The inversion of the belt at the head and tail causes resistance to movement due to the combined effect of the flexure of the belt material and the friction of the pulleys. When designing a long conveyor belt system, the magnitude of the primary resistances generally exceeds the magnitude of the secondary resistances. To simplify the resistance calculations, the secondary resistances are simply accounted for by means of a correction factor on the primary resistances. C = 0.85 + 13.31L-0.576 for 10 < L < 1500 C = 1.025 for 1500 < L < 5000 L Conveying length [m] When this factor has bee